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#
# Copyright 2009 Facebook
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
# a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.
"""WSGI support for the Tornado web framework.
WSGI is the Python standard for web servers, and allows for interoperability
between Tornado and other Python web frameworks and servers.
This module provides WSGI support via the `WSGIContainer` class, which
makes it possible to run applications using other WSGI frameworks on
the Tornado HTTP server. The reverse is not supported; the Tornado
`.Application` and `.RequestHandler` classes are designed for use with
the Tornado `.HTTPServer` and cannot be used in a generic WSGI
container.
"""
import concurrent.futures
from io import BytesIO
import tornado
import sys
from tornado.concurrent import dummy_executor
from tornado import escape
from tornado import httputil
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
from tornado.log import access_log
from typing import List, Tuple, Optional, Callable, Any, Dict, Text
from types import TracebackType
import typing
if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
from typing import Type # noqa: F401
from _typeshed.wsgi import WSGIApplication as WSGIAppType # noqa: F401
# PEP 3333 specifies that WSGI on python 3 generally deals with byte strings
# that are smuggled inside objects of type unicode (via the latin1 encoding).
# This function is like those in the tornado.escape module, but defined
# here to minimize the temptation to use it in non-wsgi contexts.
def to_wsgi_str(s: bytes) -> str:
assert isinstance(s, bytes)
return s.decode("latin1")
class WSGIContainer(object):
r"""Makes a WSGI-compatible application runnable on Tornado's HTTP server.
.. warning::
WSGI is a *synchronous* interface, while Tornado's concurrency model
is based on single-threaded *asynchronous* execution. Many of Tornado's
distinguishing features are not available in WSGI mode, including efficient
long-polling and websockets. The primary purpose of `WSGIContainer` is
to support both WSGI applications and native Tornado ``RequestHandlers`` in
a single process. WSGI-only applications are likely to be better off
with a dedicated WSGI server such as ``gunicorn`` or ``uwsgi``.
Wrap a WSGI application in a `WSGIContainer` to make it implement the Tornado
`.HTTPServer` ``request_callback`` interface. The `WSGIContainer` object can
then be passed to classes from the `tornado.routing` module,
`tornado.web.FallbackHandler`, or to `.HTTPServer` directly.
This class is intended to let other frameworks (Django, Flask, etc)
run on the Tornado HTTP server and I/O loop.
Realistic usage will be more complicated, but the simplest possible example uses a
hand-written WSGI application with `.HTTPServer`::
def simple_app(environ, start_response):
status = "200 OK"
response_headers = [("Content-type", "text/plain")]
start_response(status, response_headers)
return [b"Hello world!\n"]
async def main():
container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(simple_app)
http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)
http_server.listen(8888)
await asyncio.Event().wait()
asyncio.run(main())
The recommended pattern is to use the `tornado.routing` module to set up routing
rules between your WSGI application and, typically, a `tornado.web.Application`.
Alternatively, `tornado.web.Application` can be used as the top-level router
and `tornado.web.FallbackHandler` can embed a `WSGIContainer` within it.
If the ``executor`` argument is provided, the WSGI application will be executed
on that executor. This must be an instance of `concurrent.futures.Executor`,
typically a ``ThreadPoolExecutor`` (``ProcessPoolExecutor`` is not supported).
If no ``executor`` is given, the application will run on the event loop thread in
Tornado 6.3; this will change to use an internal thread pool by default in
Tornado 7.0.
.. warning::
By default, the WSGI application is executed on the event loop's thread. This
limits the server to one request at a time (per process), making it less scalable
than most other WSGI servers. It is therefore highly recommended that you pass
a ``ThreadPoolExecutor`` when constructing the `WSGIContainer`, after verifying
that your application is thread-safe. The default will change to use a
``ThreadPoolExecutor`` in Tornado 7.0.
.. versionadded:: 6.3
The ``executor`` parameter.
.. deprecated:: 6.3
The default behavior of running the WSGI application on the event loop thread
is deprecated and will change in Tornado 7.0 to use a thread pool by default.
"""
def __init__(
self,
wsgi_application: "WSGIAppType",
executor: Optional[concurrent.futures.Executor] = None,
) -> None:
self.wsgi_application = wsgi_application
self.executor = dummy_executor if executor is None else executor
def __call__(self, request: httputil.HTTPServerRequest) -> None:
IOLoop.current().spawn_callback(self.handle_request, request)
async def handle_request(self, request: httputil.HTTPServerRequest) -> None:
data = {} # type: Dict[str, Any]
response = [] # type: List[bytes]
def start_response(
status: str,
headers: List[Tuple[str, str]],
exc_info: Optional[
Tuple[
"Optional[Type[BaseException]]",
Optional[BaseException],
Optional[TracebackType],
]
] = None,
) -> Callable[[bytes], Any]:
data["status"] = status
data["headers"] = headers
return response.append
loop = IOLoop.current()
app_response = await loop.run_in_executor(
self.executor,
self.wsgi_application,
self.environ(request),
start_response,
)
try:
app_response_iter = iter(app_response)
def next_chunk() -> Optional[bytes]:
try:
return next(app_response_iter)
except StopIteration:
# StopIteration is special and is not allowed to pass through
# coroutines normally.
return None
while True:
chunk = await loop.run_in_executor(self.executor, next_chunk)
if chunk is None:
break
response.append(chunk)
finally:
if hasattr(app_response, "close"):
app_response.close() # type: ignore
body = b"".join(response)
if not data:
raise Exception("WSGI app did not call start_response")
status_code_str, reason = data["status"].split(" ", 1)
status_code = int(status_code_str)
headers = data["headers"] # type: List[Tuple[str, str]]
header_set = set(k.lower() for (k, v) in headers)
body = escape.utf8(body)
if status_code != 304:
if "content-length" not in header_set:
headers.append(("Content-Length", str(len(body))))
if "content-type" not in header_set:
headers.append(("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=UTF-8"))
if "server" not in header_set:
headers.append(("Server", "TornadoServer/%s" % tornado.version))
start_line = httputil.ResponseStartLine("HTTP/1.1", status_code, reason)
header_obj = httputil.HTTPHeaders()
for key, value in headers:
header_obj.add(key, value)
assert request.connection is not None
request.connection.write_headers(start_line, header_obj, chunk=body)
request.connection.finish()
self._log(status_code, request)
def environ(self, request: httputil.HTTPServerRequest) -> Dict[Text, Any]:
"""Converts a `tornado.httputil.HTTPServerRequest` to a WSGI environment.
.. versionchanged:: 6.3
No longer a static method.
"""
hostport = request.host.split(":")
if len(hostport) == 2:
host = hostport[0]
port = int(hostport[1])
else:
host = request.host
port = 443 if request.protocol == "https" else 80
environ = {
"REQUEST_METHOD": request.method,
"SCRIPT_NAME": "",
"PATH_INFO": to_wsgi_str(
escape.url_unescape(request.path, encoding=None, plus=False)
),
"QUERY_STRING": request.query,
"REMOTE_ADDR": request.remote_ip,
"SERVER_NAME": host,
"SERVER_PORT": str(port),
"SERVER_PROTOCOL": request.version,
"wsgi.version": (1, 0),
"wsgi.url_scheme": request.protocol,
"wsgi.input": BytesIO(escape.utf8(request.body)),
"wsgi.errors": sys.stderr,
"wsgi.multithread": self.executor is not dummy_executor,
"wsgi.multiprocess": True,
"wsgi.run_once": False,
}
if "Content-Type" in request.headers:
environ["CONTENT_TYPE"] = request.headers.pop("Content-Type")
if "Content-Length" in request.headers:
environ["CONTENT_LENGTH"] = request.headers.pop("Content-Length")
for key, value in request.headers.items():
environ["HTTP_" + key.replace("-", "_").upper()] = value
return environ
def _log(self, status_code: int, request: httputil.HTTPServerRequest) -> None:
if status_code < 400:
log_method = access_log.info
elif status_code < 500:
log_method = access_log.warning
else:
log_method = access_log.error
request_time = 1000.0 * request.request_time()
assert request.method is not None
assert request.uri is not None
summary = (
request.method # type: ignore[operator]
+ " "
+ request.uri
+ " ("
+ request.remote_ip
+ ")"
)
log_method("%d %s %.2fms", status_code, summary, request_time)
HTTPRequest = httputil.HTTPServerRequest