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"""Disassembler of Python byte code into mnemonics."""
import sys
import types
import collections
import io
from opcode import *
from opcode import __all__ as _opcodes_all
__all__ = ["code_info", "dis", "disassemble", "distb", "disco",
"findlinestarts", "findlabels", "show_code",
"get_instructions", "Instruction", "Bytecode"] + _opcodes_all
del _opcodes_all
_have_code = (types.MethodType, types.FunctionType, types.CodeType,
classmethod, staticmethod, type)
FORMAT_VALUE = opmap['FORMAT_VALUE']
FORMAT_VALUE_CONVERTERS = (
(None, ''),
(str, 'str'),
(repr, 'repr'),
(ascii, 'ascii'),
)
MAKE_FUNCTION = opmap['MAKE_FUNCTION']
MAKE_FUNCTION_FLAGS = ('defaults', 'kwdefaults', 'annotations', 'closure')
def _try_compile(source, name):
"""Attempts to compile the given source, first as an expression and
then as a statement if the first approach fails.
Utility function to accept strings in functions that otherwise
expect code objects
"""
try:
c = compile(source, name, 'eval')
except SyntaxError:
c = compile(source, name, 'exec')
return c
def dis(x=None, *, file=None, depth=None):
"""Disassemble classes, methods, functions, and other compiled objects.
With no argument, disassemble the last traceback.
Compiled objects currently include generator objects, async generator
objects, and coroutine objects, all of which store their code object
in a special attribute.
"""
if x is None:
distb(file=file)
return
# Extract functions from methods.
if hasattr(x, '__func__'):
x = x.__func__
# Extract compiled code objects from...
if hasattr(x, '__code__'): # ...a function, or
x = x.__code__
elif hasattr(x, 'gi_code'): #...a generator object, or
x = x.gi_code
elif hasattr(x, 'ag_code'): #...an asynchronous generator object, or
x = x.ag_code
elif hasattr(x, 'cr_code'): #...a coroutine.
x = x.cr_code
# Perform the disassembly.
if hasattr(x, '__dict__'): # Class or module
items = sorted(x.__dict__.items())
for name, x1 in items:
if isinstance(x1, _have_code):
print("Disassembly of %s:" % name, file=file)
try:
dis(x1, file=file, depth=depth)
except TypeError as msg:
print("Sorry:", msg, file=file)
print(file=file)
elif hasattr(x, 'co_code'): # Code object
_disassemble_recursive(x, file=file, depth=depth)
elif isinstance(x, (bytes, bytearray)): # Raw bytecode
_disassemble_bytes(x, file=file)
elif isinstance(x, str): # Source code
_disassemble_str(x, file=file, depth=depth)
else:
raise TypeError("don't know how to disassemble %s objects" %
type(x).__name__)
def distb(tb=None, *, file=None):
"""Disassemble a traceback (default: last traceback)."""
if tb is None:
try:
tb = sys.last_traceback
except AttributeError:
raise RuntimeError("no last traceback to disassemble") from None
while tb.tb_next: tb = tb.tb_next
disassemble(tb.tb_frame.f_code, tb.tb_lasti, file=file)
# The inspect module interrogates this dictionary to build its
# list of CO_* constants. It is also used by pretty_flags to
# turn the co_flags field into a human readable list.
COMPILER_FLAG_NAMES = {
1: "OPTIMIZED",
2: "NEWLOCALS",
4: "VARARGS",
8: "VARKEYWORDS",
16: "NESTED",
32: "GENERATOR",
64: "NOFREE",
128: "COROUTINE",
256: "ITERABLE_COROUTINE",
512: "ASYNC_GENERATOR",
}
def pretty_flags(flags):
"""Return pretty representation of code flags."""
names = []
for i in range(32):
flag = 1<<i
if flags & flag:
names.append(COMPILER_FLAG_NAMES.get(flag, hex(flag)))
flags ^= flag
if not flags:
break
else:
names.append(hex(flags))
return ", ".join(names)
def _get_code_object(x):
"""Helper to handle methods, compiled or raw code objects, and strings."""
# Extract functions from methods.
if hasattr(x, '__func__'):
x = x.__func__
# Extract compiled code objects from...
if hasattr(x, '__code__'): # ...a function, or
x = x.__code__
elif hasattr(x, 'gi_code'): #...a generator object, or
x = x.gi_code
elif hasattr(x, 'ag_code'): #...an asynchronous generator object, or
x = x.ag_code
elif hasattr(x, 'cr_code'): #...a coroutine.
x = x.cr_code
# Handle source code.
if isinstance(x, str):
x = _try_compile(x, "<disassembly>")
# By now, if we don't have a code object, we can't disassemble x.
if hasattr(x, 'co_code'):
return x
raise TypeError("don't know how to disassemble %s objects" %
type(x).__name__)
def code_info(x):
"""Formatted details of methods, functions, or code."""
return _format_code_info(_get_code_object(x))
def _format_code_info(co):
lines = []
lines.append("Name: %s" % co.co_name)
lines.append("Filename: %s" % co.co_filename)
lines.append("Argument count: %s" % co.co_argcount)
lines.append("Positional-only arguments: %s" % co.co_posonlyargcount)
lines.append("Kw-only arguments: %s" % co.co_kwonlyargcount)
lines.append("Number of locals: %s" % co.co_nlocals)
lines.append("Stack size: %s" % co.co_stacksize)
lines.append("Flags: %s" % pretty_flags(co.co_flags))
if co.co_consts:
lines.append("Constants:")
for i_c in enumerate(co.co_consts):
lines.append("%4d: %r" % i_c)
if co.co_names:
lines.append("Names:")
for i_n in enumerate(co.co_names):
lines.append("%4d: %s" % i_n)
if co.co_varnames:
lines.append("Variable names:")
for i_n in enumerate(co.co_varnames):
lines.append("%4d: %s" % i_n)
if co.co_freevars:
lines.append("Free variables:")
for i_n in enumerate(co.co_freevars):
lines.append("%4d: %s" % i_n)
if co.co_cellvars:
lines.append("Cell variables:")
for i_n in enumerate(co.co_cellvars):
lines.append("%4d: %s" % i_n)
return "\n".join(lines)
def show_code(co, *, file=None):
"""Print details of methods, functions, or code to *file*.
If *file* is not provided, the output is printed on stdout.
"""
print(code_info(co), file=file)
_Instruction = collections.namedtuple("_Instruction",
"opname opcode arg argval argrepr offset starts_line is_jump_target")
_Instruction.opname.__doc__ = "Human readable name for operation"
_Instruction.opcode.__doc__ = "Numeric code for operation"
_Instruction.arg.__doc__ = "Numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise None"
_Instruction.argval.__doc__ = "Resolved arg value (if known), otherwise same as arg"
_Instruction.argrepr.__doc__ = "Human readable description of operation argument"
_Instruction.offset.__doc__ = "Start index of operation within bytecode sequence"
_Instruction.starts_line.__doc__ = "Line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise None"
_Instruction.is_jump_target.__doc__ = "True if other code jumps to here, otherwise False"
_OPNAME_WIDTH = 20
_OPARG_WIDTH = 5
class Instruction(_Instruction):
"""Details for a bytecode operation
Defined fields:
opname - human readable name for operation
opcode - numeric code for operation
arg - numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise None
argval - resolved arg value (if known), otherwise same as arg
argrepr - human readable description of operation argument
offset - start index of operation within bytecode sequence
starts_line - line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise None
is_jump_target - True if other code jumps to here, otherwise False
"""
def _disassemble(self, lineno_width=3, mark_as_current=False, offset_width=4):
"""Format instruction details for inclusion in disassembly output
*lineno_width* sets the width of the line number field (0 omits it)
*mark_as_current* inserts a '-->' marker arrow as part of the line
*offset_width* sets the width of the instruction offset field
"""
fields = []
# Column: Source code line number
if lineno_width:
if self.starts_line is not None:
lineno_fmt = "%%%dd" % lineno_width
fields.append(lineno_fmt % self.starts_line)
else:
fields.append(' ' * lineno_width)
# Column: Current instruction indicator
if mark_as_current:
fields.append('-->')
else:
fields.append(' ')
# Column: Jump target marker
if self.is_jump_target:
fields.append('>>')
else:
fields.append(' ')
# Column: Instruction offset from start of code sequence
fields.append(repr(self.offset).rjust(offset_width))
# Column: Opcode name
fields.append(self.opname.ljust(_OPNAME_WIDTH))
# Column: Opcode argument
if self.arg is not None:
fields.append(repr(self.arg).rjust(_OPARG_WIDTH))
# Column: Opcode argument details
if self.argrepr:
fields.append('(' + self.argrepr + ')')
return ' '.join(fields).rstrip()
def get_instructions(x, *, first_line=None):
"""Iterator for the opcodes in methods, functions or code
Generates a series of Instruction named tuples giving the details of
each operations in the supplied code.
If *first_line* is not None, it indicates the line number that should
be reported for the first source line in the disassembled code.
Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken directly from
the disassembled code object.
"""
co = _get_code_object(x)
cell_names = co.co_cellvars + co.co_freevars
linestarts = dict(findlinestarts(co))
if first_line is not None:
line_offset = first_line - co.co_firstlineno
else:
line_offset = 0
return _get_instructions_bytes(co.co_code, co.co_varnames, co.co_names,
co.co_consts, cell_names, linestarts,
line_offset)
def _get_const_info(const_index, const_list):
"""Helper to get optional details about const references
Returns the dereferenced constant and its repr if the constant
list is defined.
Otherwise returns the constant index and its repr().
"""
argval = const_index
if const_list is not None:
argval = const_list[const_index]
return argval, repr(argval)
def _get_name_info(name_index, name_list):
"""Helper to get optional details about named references
Returns the dereferenced name as both value and repr if the name
list is defined.
Otherwise returns the name index and its repr().
"""
argval = name_index
if name_list is not None:
argval = name_list[name_index]
argrepr = argval
else:
argrepr = repr(argval)
return argval, argrepr
def _get_instructions_bytes(code, varnames=None, names=None, constants=None,
cells=None, linestarts=None, line_offset=0):
"""Iterate over the instructions in a bytecode string.
Generates a sequence of Instruction namedtuples giving the details of each
opcode. Additional information about the code's runtime environment
(e.g. variable names, constants) can be specified using optional
arguments.
"""
labels = findlabels(code)
starts_line = None
for offset, op, arg in _unpack_opargs(code):
if linestarts is not None:
starts_line = linestarts.get(offset, None)
if starts_line is not None:
starts_line += line_offset
is_jump_target = offset in labels
argval = None
argrepr = ''
if arg is not None:
# Set argval to the dereferenced value of the argument when
# available, and argrepr to the string representation of argval.
# _disassemble_bytes needs the string repr of the
# raw name index for LOAD_GLOBAL, LOAD_CONST, etc.
argval = arg
if op in hasconst:
argval, argrepr = _get_const_info(arg, constants)
elif op in hasname:
argval, argrepr = _get_name_info(arg, names)
elif op in hasjrel:
argval = offset + 2 + arg
argrepr = "to " + repr(argval)
elif op in haslocal:
argval, argrepr = _get_name_info(arg, varnames)
elif op in hascompare:
argval = cmp_op[arg]
argrepr = argval
elif op in hasfree:
argval, argrepr = _get_name_info(arg, cells)
elif op == FORMAT_VALUE:
argval, argrepr = FORMAT_VALUE_CONVERTERS[arg & 0x3]
argval = (argval, bool(arg & 0x4))
if argval[1]:
if argrepr:
argrepr += ', '
argrepr += 'with format'
elif op == MAKE_FUNCTION:
argrepr = ', '.join(s for i, s in enumerate(MAKE_FUNCTION_FLAGS)
if arg & (1<<i))
yield Instruction(opname[op], op,
arg, argval, argrepr,
offset, starts_line, is_jump_target)
def disassemble(co, lasti=-1, *, file=None):
"""Disassemble a code object."""
cell_names = co.co_cellvars + co.co_freevars
linestarts = dict(findlinestarts(co))
_disassemble_bytes(co.co_code, lasti, co.co_varnames, co.co_names,
co.co_consts, cell_names, linestarts, file=file)
def _disassemble_recursive(co, *, file=None, depth=None):
disassemble(co, file=file)
if depth is None or depth > 0:
if depth is not None:
depth = depth - 1
for x in co.co_consts:
if hasattr(x, 'co_code'):
print(file=file)
print("Disassembly of %r:" % (x,), file=file)
_disassemble_recursive(x, file=file, depth=depth)
def _disassemble_bytes(code, lasti=-1, varnames=None, names=None,
constants=None, cells=None, linestarts=None,
*, file=None, line_offset=0):
# Omit the line number column entirely if we have no line number info
show_lineno = linestarts is not None
if show_lineno:
maxlineno = max(linestarts.values()) + line_offset
if maxlineno >= 1000:
lineno_width = len(str(maxlineno))
else:
lineno_width = 3
else:
lineno_width = 0
maxoffset = len(code) - 2
if maxoffset >= 10000:
offset_width = len(str(maxoffset))
else:
offset_width = 4
for instr in _get_instructions_bytes(code, varnames, names,
constants, cells, linestarts,
line_offset=line_offset):
new_source_line = (show_lineno and
instr.starts_line is not None and
instr.offset > 0)
if new_source_line:
print(file=file)
is_current_instr = instr.offset == lasti
print(instr._disassemble(lineno_width, is_current_instr, offset_width),
file=file)
def _disassemble_str(source, **kwargs):
"""Compile the source string, then disassemble the code object."""
_disassemble_recursive(_try_compile(source, '<dis>'), **kwargs)
disco = disassemble # XXX For backwards compatibility
def _unpack_opargs(code):
extended_arg = 0
for i in range(0, len(code), 2):
op = code[i]
if op >= HAVE_ARGUMENT:
arg = code[i+1] | extended_arg
extended_arg = (arg << 8) if op == EXTENDED_ARG else 0
else:
arg = None
yield (i, op, arg)
def findlabels(code):
"""Detect all offsets in a byte code which are jump targets.
Return the list of offsets.
"""
labels = []
for offset, op, arg in _unpack_opargs(code):
if arg is not None:
if op in hasjrel:
label = offset + 2 + arg
elif op in hasjabs:
label = arg
else:
continue
if label not in labels:
labels.append(label)
return labels
def findlinestarts(code):
"""Find the offsets in a byte code which are start of lines in the source.
Generate pairs (offset, lineno) as described in Python/compile.c.
"""
byte_increments = code.co_lnotab[0::2]
line_increments = code.co_lnotab[1::2]
bytecode_len = len(code.co_code)
lastlineno = None
lineno = code.co_firstlineno
addr = 0
for byte_incr, line_incr in zip(byte_increments, line_increments):
if byte_incr:
if lineno != lastlineno:
yield (addr, lineno)
lastlineno = lineno
addr += byte_incr
if addr >= bytecode_len:
# The rest of the lnotab byte offsets are past the end of
# the bytecode, so the lines were optimized away.
return
if line_incr >= 0x80:
# line_increments is an array of 8-bit signed integers
line_incr -= 0x100
lineno += line_incr
if lineno != lastlineno:
yield (addr, lineno)
class Bytecode:
"""The bytecode operations of a piece of code
Instantiate this with a function, method, other compiled object, string of
code, or a code object (as returned by compile()).
Iterating over this yields the bytecode operations as Instruction instances.
"""
def __init__(self, x, *, first_line=None, current_offset=None):
self.codeobj = co = _get_code_object(x)
if first_line is None:
self.first_line = co.co_firstlineno
self._line_offset = 0
else:
self.first_line = first_line
self._line_offset = first_line - co.co_firstlineno
self._cell_names = co.co_cellvars + co.co_freevars
self._linestarts = dict(findlinestarts(co))
self._original_object = x
self.current_offset = current_offset
def __iter__(self):
co = self.codeobj
return _get_instructions_bytes(co.co_code, co.co_varnames, co.co_names,
co.co_consts, self._cell_names,
self._linestarts,
line_offset=self._line_offset)
def __repr__(self):
return "{}({!r})".format(self.__class__.__name__,
self._original_object)
@classmethod
def from_traceback(cls, tb):
""" Construct a Bytecode from the given traceback """
while tb.tb_next:
tb = tb.tb_next
return cls(tb.tb_frame.f_code, current_offset=tb.tb_lasti)
def info(self):
"""Return formatted information about the code object."""
return _format_code_info(self.codeobj)
def dis(self):
"""Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations."""
co = self.codeobj
if self.current_offset is not None:
offset = self.current_offset
else:
offset = -1
with io.StringIO() as output:
_disassemble_bytes(co.co_code, varnames=co.co_varnames,
names=co.co_names, constants=co.co_consts,
cells=self._cell_names,
linestarts=self._linestarts,
line_offset=self._line_offset,
file=output,
lasti=offset)
return output.getvalue()
def _test():
"""Simple test program to disassemble a file."""
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('infile', type=argparse.FileType('rb'), nargs='?', default='-')
args = parser.parse_args()
with args.infile as infile:
source = infile.read()
code = compile(source, args.infile.name, "exec")
dis(code)
if __name__ == "__main__":
_test()