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#--
# tsort.rb - provides a module for topological sorting and strongly connected components.
#++
#
#
# TSort implements topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm for
# strongly connected components.
#
# TSort is designed to be able to be used with any object which can be
# interpreted as a directed graph.
#
# TSort requires two methods to interpret an object as a graph,
# tsort_each_node and tsort_each_child.
#
# * tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.
# * tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of a given node.
#
# The equality of nodes are defined by eql? and hash since
# TSort uses Hash internally.
#
# == A Simple Example
#
# The following example demonstrates how to mix the TSort module into an
# existing class (in this case, Hash). Here, we're treating each key in
# the hash as a node in the graph, and so we simply alias the required
# #tsort_each_node method to Hash's #each_key method. For each key in the
# hash, the associated value is an array of the node's child nodes. This
# choice in turn leads to our implementation of the required #tsort_each_child
# method, which fetches the array of child nodes and then iterates over that
# array using the user-supplied block.
#
# require 'tsort'
#
# class Hash
# include TSort
# alias tsort_each_node each_key
# def tsort_each_child(node, &block)
# fetch(node).each(&block)
# end
# end
#
# {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[3], 3=>[], 4=>[]}.tsort
# #=> [3, 2, 1, 4]
#
# {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}.strongly_connected_components
# #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
#
# == A More Realistic Example
#
# A very simple `make' like tool can be implemented as follows:
#
# require 'tsort'
#
# class Make
# def initialize
# @dep = {}
# @dep.default = []
# end
#
# def rule(outputs, inputs=[], &block)
# triple = [outputs, inputs, block]
# outputs.each {|f| @dep[f] = [triple]}
# @dep[triple] = inputs
# end
#
# def build(target)
# each_strongly_connected_component_from(target) {|ns|
# if ns.length != 1
# fs = ns.delete_if {|n| Array === n}
# raise TSort::Cyclic.new("cyclic dependencies: #{fs.join ', '}")
# end
# n = ns.first
# if Array === n
# outputs, inputs, block = n
# inputs_time = inputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.max
# begin
# outputs_time = outputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.min
# rescue Errno::ENOENT
# outputs_time = nil
# end
# if outputs_time == nil ||
# inputs_time != nil && outputs_time <= inputs_time
# sleep 1 if inputs_time != nil && inputs_time.to_i == Time.now.to_i
# block.call
# end
# end
# }
# end
#
# def tsort_each_child(node, &block)
# @dep[node].each(&block)
# end
# include TSort
# end
#
# def command(arg)
# print arg, "\n"
# system arg
# end
#
# m = Make.new
# m.rule(%w[t1]) { command 'date > t1' }
# m.rule(%w[t2]) { command 'date > t2' }
# m.rule(%w[t3]) { command 'date > t3' }
# m.rule(%w[t4], %w[t1 t3]) { command 'cat t1 t3 > t4' }
# m.rule(%w[t5], %w[t4 t2]) { command 'cat t4 t2 > t5' }
# m.build('t5')
#
# == Bugs
#
# * 'tsort.rb' is wrong name because this library uses
# Tarjan's algorithm for strongly connected components.
# Although 'strongly_connected_components.rb' is correct but too long.
#
# == References
#
# R. E. Tarjan, "Depth First Search and Linear Graph Algorithms",
# <em>SIAM Journal on Computing</em>, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 146-160, June 1972.
#
module TSort
class Cyclic < StandardError
end
#
# Returns a topologically sorted array of nodes.
# The array is sorted from children to parents, i.e.
# the first element has no child and the last node has no parent.
#
# If there is a cycle, TSort::Cyclic is raised.
#
def tsort
result = []
tsort_each {|element| result << element}
result
end
#
# The iterator version of the #tsort method.
# <tt><em>obj</em>.tsort_each</tt> is similar to <tt><em>obj</em>.tsort.each</tt>, but
# modification of _obj_ during the iteration may lead to unexpected results.
#
# #tsort_each returns +nil+.
# If there is a cycle, TSort::Cyclic is raised.
#
def tsort_each # :yields: node
each_strongly_connected_component {|component|
if component.size == 1
yield component.first
else
raise Cyclic.new("topological sort failed: #{component.inspect}")
end
}
end
#
# Returns strongly connected components as an array of arrays of nodes.
# The array is sorted from children to parents.
# Each elements of the array represents a strongly connected component.
#
def strongly_connected_components
result = []
each_strongly_connected_component {|component| result << component}
result
end
#
# The iterator version of the #strongly_connected_components method.
# <tt><em>obj</em>.each_strongly_connected_component</tt> is similar to
# <tt><em>obj</em>.strongly_connected_components.each</tt>, but
# modification of _obj_ during the iteration may lead to unexpected results.
#
#
# #each_strongly_connected_component returns +nil+.
#
def each_strongly_connected_component # :yields: nodes
id_map = {}
stack = []
tsort_each_node {|node|
unless id_map.include? node
each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, id_map, stack) {|c|
yield c
}
end
}
nil
end
#
# Iterates over strongly connected component in the subgraph reachable from
# _node_.
#
# Return value is unspecified.
#
# #each_strongly_connected_component_from doesn't call #tsort_each_node.
#
def each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, id_map={}, stack=[]) # :yields: nodes
minimum_id = node_id = id_map[node] = id_map.size
stack_length = stack.length
stack << node
tsort_each_child(node) {|child|
if id_map.include? child
child_id = id_map[child]
minimum_id = child_id if child_id && child_id < minimum_id
else
sub_minimum_id =
each_strongly_connected_component_from(child, id_map, stack) {|c|
yield c
}
minimum_id = sub_minimum_id if sub_minimum_id < minimum_id
end
}
if node_id == minimum_id
component = stack.slice!(stack_length .. -1)
component.each {|n| id_map[n] = nil}
yield component
end
minimum_id
end
#
# Should be implemented by a extended class.
#
# #tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.
#
def tsort_each_node # :yields: node
raise NotImplementedError.new
end
#
# Should be implemented by a extended class.
#
# #tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of _node_.
#
def tsort_each_child(node) # :yields: child
raise NotImplementedError.new
end
end