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# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU Library General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
#
# See the COPYING file for license information.
#
# Copyright (c) 2007 Guillaume Chazarain <guichaz@gmail.com>
# Allow printing with same syntax in Python 2/3
from __future__ import print_function
import curses
import errno
import locale
import math
import optparse
import os
import select
import signal
import sys
import time
from iotop.data import find_uids, TaskStatsNetlink, ProcessList, Stats, sysctl_task_delayacct
from iotop.data import ThreadInfo
from iotop.version import VERSION
from iotop import ioprio
from iotop.ioprio import IoprioSetError
#
# Utility functions for the UI
#
UNITS = ['B', 'K', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P', 'E']
def human_size(size):
if size > 0:
sign = ''
elif size < 0:
sign = '-'
size = -size
else:
return '0.00 B'
expo = int(math.log(size / 2, 2) / 10)
return '%s%.2f %s' % (sign, (float(size) / (1 << (10 * expo))), UNITS[expo])
def format_size(options, bytes):
if options.kilobytes:
return '%.2f K' % (bytes / 1024.0)
return human_size(bytes)
def format_bandwidth(options, size, duration):
return format_size(options, size and float(size) / duration) + '/s'
def format_stats(options, process, duration):
# Keep in sync with TaskStatsNetlink.members_offsets and
# IOTopUI.get_data(self)
def delay2percent(delay): # delay in ns, duration in s
return '%.2f %%' % min(99.99, delay / (duration * 10000000.0))
if options.accumulated:
stats = process.stats_accum
display_format = lambda size, duration: format_size(options, size)
duration = time.time() - process.stats_accum_timestamp
else:
stats = process.stats_delta
display_format = lambda size, duration: format_bandwidth(
options, size, duration)
io_delay = delay2percent(stats.blkio_delay_total)
swapin_delay = delay2percent(stats.swapin_delay_total)
read_bytes = display_format(stats.read_bytes, duration)
written_bytes = stats.write_bytes - stats.cancelled_write_bytes
written_bytes = max(0, written_bytes)
write_bytes = display_format(written_bytes, duration)
return io_delay, swapin_delay, read_bytes, write_bytes
def get_max_pid_width():
try:
return len(open('/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max').read().strip())
except Exception as e:
print(e)
# Reasonable default in case something fails
return 5
MAX_PID_WIDTH = get_max_pid_width()
#
# UI Exceptions
#
class CancelInput(Exception): pass
class InvalidInt(Exception): pass
class InvalidPid(Exception): pass
class InvalidTid(Exception): pass
class InvalidIoprioData(Exception): pass
#
# The UI
#
class IOTopUI(object):
# key, reverse
sorting_keys = [
(lambda p, s: p.pid, False),
(lambda p, s: p.ioprio_sort_key(), False),
(lambda p, s: p.get_user(), False),
(lambda p, s: s.read_bytes, True),
(lambda p, s: s.write_bytes - s.cancelled_write_bytes, True),
(lambda p, s: s.swapin_delay_total, True),
# The default sorting (by I/O % time) should show processes doing
# only writes, without waiting on them
(lambda p, s: s.blkio_delay_total or
int(not(not(s.read_bytes or s.write_bytes))), True),
(lambda p, s: p.get_cmdline(), False),
]
def __init__(self, win, process_list, options):
self.process_list = process_list
self.options = options
self.sorting_key = 6
self.sorting_reverse = IOTopUI.sorting_keys[self.sorting_key][1]
if not self.options.batch:
self.win = win
self.resize()
try:
curses.use_default_colors()
curses.start_color()
curses.curs_set(0)
except curses.error:
# This call can fail with misconfigured terminals, for example
# TERM=xterm-color. This is harmless
pass
def resize(self):
self.height, self.width = self.win.getmaxyx()
def run(self):
iterations = 0
poll = select.poll()
if not self.options.batch:
poll.register(sys.stdin.fileno(), select.POLLIN|select.POLLPRI)
while self.options.iterations is None or \
iterations < self.options.iterations:
total, actual = self.process_list.refresh_processes()
self.refresh_display(iterations == 0, total, actual,
self.process_list.duration)
if self.options.iterations is not None:
iterations += 1
if iterations >= self.options.iterations:
break
elif iterations == 0:
iterations = 1
try:
events = poll.poll(self.options.delay_seconds * 1000.0)
except select.error as e:
if e.args and e.args[0] == errno.EINTR:
events = []
else:
raise
for (fd, event) in events:
if event & (select.POLLERR | select.POLLHUP):
sys.exit(1)
if not self.options.batch:
self.resize()
if events:
key = self.win.getch()
self.handle_key(key)
def reverse_sorting(self):
self.sorting_reverse = not self.sorting_reverse
def adjust_sorting_key(self, delta):
orig_sorting_key = self.sorting_key
self.sorting_key += delta
self.sorting_key = max(0, self.sorting_key)
self.sorting_key = min(len(IOTopUI.sorting_keys) - 1, self.sorting_key)
if not self.has_swapin_io:
if self.sorting_key in (5, 6):
if delta <= 0:
self.sorting_key = 4
elif delta > 0:
self.sorting_key = 7
if orig_sorting_key != self.sorting_key:
self.sorting_reverse = IOTopUI.sorting_keys[self.sorting_key][1]
# I wonder if switching to urwid for the display would be better here
def prompt_str(self, prompt, default=None, empty_is_cancel=True):
self.win.hline(1, 0, ord(' ') | curses.A_NORMAL, self.width)
self.win.addstr(1, 0, prompt, curses.A_BOLD)
self.win.refresh()
curses.echo()
curses.curs_set(1)
inp = self.win.getstr(1, len(prompt))
curses.curs_set(0)
curses.noecho()
if inp not in (None, ''):
return inp
if empty_is_cancel:
raise CancelInput()
return default
def prompt_int(self, prompt, default = None, empty_is_cancel = True):
inp = self.prompt_str(prompt, default, empty_is_cancel)
try:
return int(inp)
except ValueError:
raise InvalidInt()
def prompt_pid(self):
try:
return self.prompt_int('PID to ionice: ')
except InvalidInt:
raise InvalidPid()
except CancelInput:
raise
def prompt_tid(self):
try:
return self.prompt_int('TID to ionice: ')
except InvalidInt:
raise InvalidTid()
except CancelInput:
raise
def prompt_data(self, ioprio_data):
try:
if ioprio_data is not None:
inp = self.prompt_int('I/O priority data (0-7, currently %s): '
% ioprio_data, ioprio_data, False)
else:
inp = self.prompt_int('I/O priority data (0-7): ', None, False)
except InvalidInt:
raise InvalidIoprioData()
if inp < 0 or inp > 7:
raise InvalidIoprioData()
return inp
def prompt_set(self, prompt, display_list, ret_list, selected):
try:
selected = ret_list.index(selected)
except ValueError:
selected = -1
set_len = len(display_list) - 1
while True:
self.win.hline(1, 0, ord(' ') | curses.A_NORMAL, self.width)
self.win.insstr(1, 0, prompt, curses.A_BOLD)
offset = len(prompt)
for i, item in enumerate(display_list):
display = ' %s ' % item
if i is selected:
attr = curses.A_REVERSE
else:
attr = curses.A_NORMAL
self.win.insstr(1, offset, display, attr)
offset += len(display)
while True:
key = self.win.getch()
if key in (curses.KEY_LEFT, ord('l')) and selected > 0:
selected -= 1
break
elif key in (curses.KEY_RIGHT, ord('r')) and selected < set_len:
selected += 1
break
elif key in (curses.KEY_ENTER, ord('\n'), ord('\r')):
return ret_list[selected]
elif key in (27, curses.KEY_CANCEL, curses.KEY_CLOSE,
curses.KEY_EXIT, ord('q'), ord('Q')):
raise CancelInput()
def prompt_class(self, ioprio_class=None):
prompt = 'I/O priority class: '
classes_prompt = ['Real-time', 'Best-effort', 'Idle']
classes_ret = ['rt', 'be', 'idle']
if ioprio_class is None:
ioprio_class = 2
inp = self.prompt_set(prompt, classes_prompt, classes_ret, ioprio_class)
return inp
def prompt_error(self, error = 'Error!'):
self.win.hline(1, 0, ord(' ') | curses.A_NORMAL, self.width)
self.win.insstr(1, 0, ' %s ' % error, curses.A_REVERSE)
self.win.refresh()
time.sleep(1)
def prompt_clear(self):
self.win.hline(1, 0, ord(' ') | curses.A_NORMAL, self.width)
self.win.refresh()
def handle_key(self, key):
def toggle_accumulated():
self.options.accumulated ^= True
def toggle_only_io():
self.options.only ^= True
def toggle_processes():
self.options.processes ^= True
self.process_list.clear()
self.process_list.refresh_processes()
def ionice():
try:
if self.options.processes:
pid = self.prompt_pid()
exec_unit = self.process_list.get_process(pid)
else:
tid = self.prompt_tid()
exec_unit = ThreadInfo(tid,
self.process_list.taskstats_connection)
ioprio_value = exec_unit.get_ioprio()
(ioprio_class, ioprio_data) = \
ioprio.to_class_and_data(ioprio_value)
ioprio_class = self.prompt_class(ioprio_class)
if ioprio_class == 'idle':
ioprio_data = 0
else:
ioprio_data = self.prompt_data(ioprio_data)
exec_unit.set_ioprio(ioprio_class, ioprio_data)
self.process_list.clear()
self.process_list.refresh_processes()
except IoprioSetError as e:
self.prompt_error('Error setting I/O priority: %s' % e.err)
except InvalidPid:
self.prompt_error('Invalid process id!')
except InvalidTid:
self.prompt_error('Invalid thread id!')
except InvalidIoprioData:
self.prompt_error('Invalid I/O priority data!')
except InvalidInt:
self.prompt_error('Invalid integer!')
except CancelInput:
self.prompt_clear()
else:
self.prompt_clear()
key_bindings = {
ord('q'):
lambda: sys.exit(0),
ord('Q'):
lambda: sys.exit(0),
ord('r'):
lambda: self.reverse_sorting(),
ord('R'):
lambda: self.reverse_sorting(),
ord('a'):
toggle_accumulated,
ord('A'):
toggle_accumulated,
ord('o'):
toggle_only_io,
ord('O'):
toggle_only_io,
ord('p'):
toggle_processes,
ord('P'):
toggle_processes,
ord('i'):
ionice,
ord('I'):
ionice,
curses.KEY_LEFT:
lambda: self.adjust_sorting_key(-1),
curses.KEY_RIGHT:
lambda: self.adjust_sorting_key(1),
curses.KEY_HOME:
lambda: self.adjust_sorting_key(-len(IOTopUI.sorting_keys)),
curses.KEY_END:
lambda: self.adjust_sorting_key(len(IOTopUI.sorting_keys))
}
action = key_bindings.get(key, lambda: None)
action()
def get_data(self):
def format(p):
stats = format_stats(self.options, p, self.process_list.duration)
io_delay, swapin_delay, read_bytes, write_bytes = stats
format = '%%%dd' % MAX_PID_WIDTH
params = p.pid,
format += ' %4s'
params += p.get_ioprio(),
format += ' %-8s'
params += p.get_user()[:8],
format += ' %11s %11s'
params += read_bytes, write_bytes
if self.has_swapin_io:
format += ' %7s %7s'
params += swapin_delay, io_delay
elif self.options.batch:
format += ' %s '
params += '?unavailable?',
format += ' '
line = format % (params)
cmdline = p.get_cmdline()
if not self.options.batch:
remaining_length = self.width - len(line)
if 2 < remaining_length < len(cmdline):
len1 = (remaining_length - 1) // 2
offset2 = -(remaining_length - len1 - 1)
cmdline = cmdline[:len1] + '~' + cmdline[offset2:]
line += cmdline
if not self.options.batch:
line = line[:self.width]
return line
def should_format(p):
return not self.options.only or \
p.did_some_io(self.options.accumulated)
processes = list(filter(should_format,
self.process_list.processes.values()))
key = IOTopUI.sorting_keys[self.sorting_key][0]
if self.options.accumulated:
stats_lambda = lambda p: p.stats_accum
else:
stats_lambda = lambda p: p.stats_delta
processes.sort(key=lambda p: key(p, stats_lambda(p)),
reverse=self.sorting_reverse)
if not self.options.batch:
del processes[self.height - 2:]
return list(map(format, processes))
def refresh_display(self, first_time, total, actual, duration):
summary = [
'Total DISK READ : %s | Total DISK WRITE : %s' % (
format_bandwidth(self.options, total[0], duration).rjust(14),
format_bandwidth(self.options, total[1], duration).rjust(14)),
'Actual DISK READ: %s | Actual DISK WRITE: %s' % (
format_bandwidth(self.options, actual[0], duration).rjust(14),
format_bandwidth(self.options, actual[1], duration).rjust(14))
]
pid = max(0, (MAX_PID_WIDTH - 3)) * ' '
if self.options.processes:
pid += 'PID'
else:
pid += 'TID'
titles = [pid, ' PRIO', ' USER', ' DISK READ', ' DISK WRITE',
' SWAPIN', ' IO', ' COMMAND']
self.has_swapin_io = Stats.has_blkio_delay_total
if self.has_swapin_io:
# Linux kernels without the sysctl return None and
# iotop just uses the heuristic for those versions.
# Linux kernels with the sysctl return True or False
# and iotop then uses the sysctl value instead.
if sysctl_task_delayacct() == False:
self.has_swapin_io = False
self.adjust_sorting_key(0)
lines = self.get_data()
if self.options.time:
titles = [' TIME'] + titles
current_time = time.strftime('%H:%M:%S ')
lines = [current_time + l for l in lines]
summary = [current_time + s for s in summary]
if self.options.batch:
if self.options.quiet <= 2:
for s in summary:
print(s)
if self.options.quiet <= int(first_time):
print(''.join(titles))
for l in lines:
print(l.encode('utf-8'))
sys.stdout.flush()
else:
self.win.erase()
for i, s in enumerate(summary):
self.win.addstr(i, 0, s[:self.width])
self.win.hline(len(summary), 0, ord(' ') | curses.A_REVERSE,
self.width)
remaining_cols = self.width
for i in range(len(titles)):
if not self.has_swapin_io and i in (5, 6):
continue
attr = curses.A_REVERSE
title = titles[i]
if i == self.sorting_key:
title = title[1:]
if i == self.sorting_key:
attr |= curses.A_BOLD
title += self.sorting_reverse and '>' or '<'
title = title[:remaining_cols]
remaining_cols -= len(title)
self.win.addstr(title, attr)
if self.has_swapin_io is not False:
status_msg = None
else:
status_msg = ('CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT '
'and kernel.task_delayacct sysctl '
'not enabled in kernel, '
'cannot determine SWAPIN and IO %')
num_lines = min(len(lines), self.height - 2 - int(bool(status_msg)))
for i in range(num_lines):
try:
def print_line(line):
self.win.addstr(i + len(summary) + 1, 0, line)
try:
print_line(lines[i])
except UnicodeEncodeError:
# Python2: 'ascii' codec can't encode character ...
# http://bugs.debian.org/708252
print_line(lines[i].encode('utf-8'))
except curses.error:
pass
if status_msg:
self.win.insstr(self.height - len(summary), 0, status_msg,
curses.A_BOLD)
self.win.refresh()
def run_iotop_window(win, options):
if options.batch:
signal.signal(signal.SIGPIPE, signal.SIG_DFL)
else:
def clean_exit(*args, **kwargs):
sys.exit(0)
signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, clean_exit)
signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, clean_exit)
taskstats_connection = TaskStatsNetlink(options)
process_list = ProcessList(taskstats_connection, options)
ui = IOTopUI(win, process_list, options)
ui.run()
def run_iotop(options):
try:
if options.batch:
return run_iotop_window(None, options)
else:
return curses.wrapper(run_iotop_window, options)
except OSError as e:
if e.errno == errno.EPERM:
print(e, file=sys.stderr)
print('''
The Linux kernel interfaces that iotop relies on now require root priviliges
or the NET_ADMIN capability. This change occured because a security issue
(CVE-2011-2494) was found that allows leakage of sensitive data across user
boundaries. If you require the ability to run iotop as a non-root user, please
configure sudo to allow you to run iotop as root.
Please do not file bugs on iotop about this.''', file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
else:
raise
except curses.error as e:
stre = str(e)
if stre.find('ERR')>=0 and (
stre.find('nocbreak()')>=0 or stre.find('endwin()')>=0
):
pass
# endwin and nocbreak can cause error (and raise hard to catch
# exception) if iotop was running in the terminal and that
# terminal got closed while iotop was still running
else:
raise
#
# Profiling
#
def _profile(continuation):
prof_file = 'iotop.prof'
try:
import cProfile
import pstats
print('Profiling using cProfile')
cProfile.runctx('continuation()', globals(), locals(), prof_file)
stats = pstats.Stats(prof_file)
except ImportError:
import hotshot
import hotshot.stats
prof = hotshot.Profile(prof_file, lineevents=1)
print('Profiling using hotshot')
prof.runcall(continuation)
prof.close()
stats = hotshot.stats.load(prof_file)
stats.strip_dirs()
stats.sort_stats('time', 'calls')
stats.print_stats(50)
stats.print_callees(50)
os.remove(prof_file)
#
# Main program
#
USAGE = '''%s [OPTIONS]
DISK READ and DISK WRITE are the block I/O bandwidth used during the sampling
period. SWAPIN and IO are the percentages of time the thread spent respectively
while swapping in and waiting on I/O more generally. PRIO is the I/O priority at
which the thread is running (set using the ionice command).
Controls: left and right arrows to change the sorting column, r to invert the
sorting order, o to toggle the --only option, p to toggle the --processes
option, a to toggle the --accumulated option, i to change I/O priority, q to
quit, any other key to force a refresh.''' % sys.argv[0]
def main():
try:
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')
except locale.Error:
print('unable to set locale, falling back to the default locale')
parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage=USAGE, version='iotop ' + VERSION)
parser.add_option('-o', '--only', action='store_true',
dest='only', default=False,
help='only show processes or threads actually doing I/O')
parser.add_option('-b', '--batch', action='store_true', dest='batch',
help='non-interactive mode')
parser.add_option('-n', '--iter', type='int', dest='iterations',
metavar='NUM',
help='number of iterations before ending [infinite]')
parser.add_option('-d', '--delay', type='float', dest='delay_seconds',
help='delay between iterations [1 second]',
metavar='SEC', default=1)
parser.add_option('-p', '--pid', type='int', dest='pids', action='append',
help='processes/threads to monitor [all]', metavar='PID')
parser.add_option('-u', '--user', type='str', dest='users', action='append',
help='users to monitor [all]', metavar='USER')
parser.add_option('-P', '--processes', action='store_true',
dest='processes', default=False,
help='only show processes, not all threads')
parser.add_option('-a', '--accumulated', action='store_true',
dest='accumulated', default=False,
help='show accumulated I/O instead of bandwidth')
parser.add_option('-k', '--kilobytes', action='store_true',
dest='kilobytes', default=False,
help='use kilobytes instead of a human friendly unit')
parser.add_option('-t', '--time', action='store_true', dest='time',
help='add a timestamp on each line (implies --batch)')
parser.add_option('-q', '--quiet', action='count', dest='quiet', default=0,
help='suppress some lines of header (implies --batch)')
parser.add_option('--profile', action='store_true', dest='profile',
default=False, help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
options, args = parser.parse_args()
if args:
parser.error('Unexpected arguments: ' + ' '.join(args))
find_uids(options)
options.pids = options.pids or []
options.batch = options.batch or options.time or options.quiet
main_loop = lambda: run_iotop(options)
if options.profile:
def safe_main_loop():
try:
main_loop()
except:
pass
_profile(safe_main_loop)
else:
main_loop()